A DEVELOPMENT OF DETERIORATION ESTIMATION AND
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON WATER LINES USING GIS
Byounggil CHOI and Gyewoon CHOI, Korea
Key words: Deterioration estimation, Management,
Water lines, GIS.
Abstract
Due to the fast industrial growth and unplanned urban underground
development in Korea systematic management for underground utilities
could not have been accomplished. Unsystematic underground utilities
management has resulted in difficulty of finding exact location and
the age of it, which has potential of leading it to a disastrous
situation.
Objective of this study is on the development of deterioration
estimation and management system for water lines using GIS. This
system is constructed to estimate easily water lines deterioration by
the establishment of the geographic output system on it, search
damaged objectives near surrounding area in a situation of
destruction, and offer the information by which one can take quickly
emergency. And also, it is constructed to prevent from accident
occurring under work by presenting underground utilities and states of
work.
This system has largely two parts, deterioration estimation and
efficient management of water lines. Deterioration estimation system
evaluates its safety according to water lines deterioration and
management system offers general information required for water lines
management. Deterioration estimation model selected in this study is
Numerical Weighting System developed by KOWACO(Korean Water Resources
Corporation), which estimates quantitatively pipeline deterioration
using factors such as year laid, materials, diameter, etc.
Deterioration index tables were generated for the effective
estimation, and they were applied on each water lines. DB for system
application was designed by analyzing the task of water supply control
center and deterioration estimation. This system is developed by using
ARC/INFO of ESRI Company.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the fast industrial growth and unplanned urban underground
development in Korea systematic management for underground utilities
could not have been accomplished. Unsystematic underground utilities
management has resulted in difficulty of finding exact location and
the age of it, which has potential of leading it to a disastrous
situation.
GIS that has ability of storing, managing and analyzing various
type of data has been fast expanded and been used in many fields with
development of computer since 1980. Especially GIS is the system that
has ability of integrating, managing and analyzing the voluminous
graphic and text data, which is adequate system to manage complex
network of the underground utilities of urban area2) 4) 7).
The purpose of this study is focused on the development of
deterioration evaluation and management system on water lines using
GIS. This system has largely two parts, deterioration estimation and
efficient management of water lines. Deterioration estimation system
evaluates its safety according to water lines deterioration and
management system offers general information required for water lines
management. Deterioration estimation model selected in this study is
Numerical Weighting System developed by KOWACO(Korean Water Resources
Corporation), which estimates quantitatively pipeline deterioration
using factors such as year laid, materials, diameter, etc.
Deterioration index tables were generated for the effective
estimation, and they were applied on each water lines. DB for system
application was designed by analyzing the task of water supply control
center and deterioration estimation model. And then proto-type
deterioration estimation and management system are developed on the
basis of studied model and designed database. Deterioration estimation
system, characteristic output system, tracing system of damaged
facilities, emergency information output system, and construction
management system is constructed by using modules for efficient water
line management. This system is developed by using ARC/INFO of ESRI
Company.1) as main tool, and the basic date sets are owned by City of
ChangWon.
2. DETERIORATION ESTIMATION MODEL FOR WATER LINES
Generally destruction of water lines is occurred on account of
complex causes. In case of Japan, it is said that causes of water line
destruction are largely pipeline deterioration and traffic load
increase. In U.S. and Europe is emphasized soil movement as a reason.
In this study, Numerical Weighting System developed by KOWACO (Korean
Water Resources Corporation) to adjust to Korean environment has been
used as pipe line deterioration estimation model. In this method,
pipes were divided into 8 types according to diameter and materials6).
(1) diameter 700mm and over (steel pipe), (2) diameter 700mm and
over (cast iron pipe, ductile cast iron pipe), (3) diameter 700mm and
over (concrete pipe), (4) diameter from 150 to 600mm (steel pipe) (5)
diameter from 150 to 600mm (cast iron pipe, ductile cast iron pipe)
(6) diameter from 150 to 600mm (PVC, PE, concrete pipe) (7) diameter
150mm and below (copper pipe, Stainless Steel pipe) (8) diameter 150mm
and below (PVC, PE pipe)
Also, estimation factor is classified into 19 types such as maximum
water pressure (kg/cm2, on-the-spot survey), area of underground
utilities (on-the-spot survey), road (on-the-spot survey), pipe type
(on-the-spot survey), year laid(data analysis), a water leakage and
accidental frequency (on-the-spot survey), anhydride rate(%, data
analysis), soil resistance rate (W,cm, laboratory analysis), pH
(laboratory analysis), redox potential (mV, laboratory analysis),
sulphuric acid ion or chlorine ion (mg/kg, laboratory analysis), C
value (on-the-spot survey), basement (on-the-spot survey), fulfillment
(soil type, laboratory analysis), diameter (mm, on-the-spot survey),
cathodic protection (on-the-spot survey), joint (joint method,
on-the-spot survey), divergency (on-the-spot survey), junction
(on-the-spot survey).
In this method, the total score of deterioration by each estimation
factors is score of 100 in maximum, the best condition of pipe and is
score of 12-23 in minimum, the worst condition. A pipe under score of
60 has become antiquated considerably and should change, 60 and over
to under 70 is also antiquated but it needs to watch with attention
rather than immediate repair, 70 and over to under 80 is comparatively
good state, and 80 and over very excellent. This method simply
quantified water line deterioration and it makes easy to design and
construct pipe line repair reasonably and economically, as estimating
deterioration by various factors. However, data survey of various
estimation factors should precede for real application.
3. DATABASE DESIGN
Most database used in this system is owned by City of ChangWon and
when necessary, we directly inputted and produced it. And database is
designed to run each function effectively and it indexes to make the
best use of GIS. It is important to study database format of GIS tool
for database design because it is different according to the kind of
GIS tool. For this study, ARC/INFO was selected and all DB sets were
designed according to ARC/INFO specifications. Figure 1 is a process
of deterioration estimation and database design follows these
processes.
Figure 1. Flow chart of deterioration estimation
Various data sets, owned by City of ChangWon, such as topographic
(building, road, road facility), road network (street center line,
intersection), land use, water line, and gas line maps were used in
reference to the DB design, In addition, relational tables and
reference tables were also designed.
Relational table is drawn up using INFO Module of ARC/INFO to
preserve continuously result data from estimating pipeline
deterioration. Table 1 is estimation factor code table for
deterioration estimation.
Table 1. Estimation factor code table
Lookup table can represent color or symbol of graphic output
effectively3). Lookup table designed for this study are such as
classification tables of pipe type, pipe diameter, year laid,
accidental frequency, etc of underground utilities. Table 2 shows
classification table of pipe diameter and underground utility.
Table 2. Lookup table design
4. SAFETY EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This system divides into largely 6 sub-systems and each sub-systems
consists of 2~7 modules. Each modules are formed with items which
should be applied to works directly by water line manager in a field.
The structure of this system is equal to this.
Figure 2. Safety evaluation and management system
on water lines
Table 3. Function of safety evaluation and
management system
1) Deterioration estimation system
Deterioration estimation system which is for evaluating water line
deterioration consists of numerical weight input system, deterioration
output system, and accidental frequency output system. Numerical
weight input system can input estimation scores of various estimation
factors about specific pipes. It is designed every kind of input
screen differently each other, because there are numerical differences
of estimation factors from 1 to 4 according to pipe type and pipe
diameter described in chapter 2. Estimation factor code table and
estimation factor classification table is drawn up in order to be
appeared input screen automatically corresponding to that pipe, when
user clicks specific pipe on screen. These two tables are linked with
attributes table of water line coverage, therefore each pipes of them
come to be linked with input screen according to 8 types divided in
deterioration estimation model.
Deterioration output system is constructed to link each pipelines
with estimation result storage table and to know deterioration at a
glance through index. If values of each factors were inputted into
each pipe lines, deterioration degrees would output in different
colors corresponding to each estimated values.
Accidental frequency output system has ability to output accidental
frequency in these five years. And accidental frequency is updated by
input values of estimation degree input system on real-time. It is
planned and drawn up relational table to connect with water lines
coverage for indexing. Figure 3 is output screen of accidental
frequency.
Figure 3. Output of water line accidental frequency
2) Output system of characteristics
Output system of characteristics has functions to output pipes
according to the types, diameters, years laid, etc. Output system of
water line types has ability of outputting index for each water line
types and showing the all water lines attributes. This system can
output with their own number for each water lines, and connect the
number with its corresponding water line attributes. Relational table
is planned and written out to connect with water line coverage5).
Output system of pipe diameters and years laid is able to classify and
output pipes according to diameters and years laid. The lookup table
of these systems are designed and drawn up. The lookup table is linked
with water line coverage. Figure 4 is output of water line diameters.
Figure 4. Output of water line diameters
3) Damaged facilities trace system
Searching system of the damaged building traces a location where to
lock a valve if water lines of a certain area were destroyed. And in
case that a valve is locked, it presents blocked water line sections,
damaged buildings, etc and shows attributes of damaged elements.
Output system of valves which should be closed has a function of
searching water line valves which should be closed, so that it outputs
names surrounding buildings at the same time to represent locations of
valves well. For this system, after valve branches are cut within a
certain radius it uses network function of ARC/INFO.
Output system of buildings which have possibility of suspension of
water supply has ability of outputting buildings which have
possibility of suspension of water supply with its attributes in a
water line accident. It can output their own number of each buildings.
And it considers that it is possible to make it contact with each
buildings easily by outputting address and phone number of buildings
using attribute values. For fulfillment of this system, a water pipe
layer was created. And to search each buildings, buildings which are
overlapped with water line layer within area of suspension of water
supply are traced and outputted. Figure 5 is an output of valves which
should be closed and buildings which have possibility of suspension of
water supply.
Figure 5. Valves which should be closed and
buildings which have possibility of suspension of water supply
4) Emergency information output system
Emergency information output system which offers useful information
to recover in accident of water pipe provides information of water
supply control center, prevention center, the controlled road. The
output system of water supply control center and prevention center can
inquire information of organizations which should be contacted with to
recover promptly damage of water line. Attribute information of each
system can updated easily because it is constructed in text file
separately not in attributes table of building layer. Figure 6 is an
output of water supply control center.
Figure 6. Output of water supply control center
Output system of the controlled roads is able to inquire the
controlled roads section of vehicles, etc. on account of water outflow
in water pipe damage.
5) Construction management system
Construction management system consists of output system of a
status of underground facilities and construction. For fulfillment of
this system special relational table is designed separately. Figure 7
is an output of construction status.
Figure 7. Output of construction status
Construction status output system is possible to output a field of
construction work and construction contents. It makes water supply
control center to watch and manage water pipe accident under a
construction work. Construction information is inputted in attribute
table of roads, considering that the most water pipes are under roads.
6) Screen control system
Screen control system which controls graphics on a screen if user's
need be, consists of zoom in, zoom out, undoing, deleting, panning,
partial extension, full extension.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, Proto-type safety management system was developed
which is easily usable if one has information about safety though not
a professional worker.
This system estimates water line deterioration considering various
factors such as year laid, material, suspension frequency of water
supply, etc. Therefore, this is rational and economical rather than
estimating of deterioration and deciding replacement of pipe with one
certain factor. And as it uses index, it can catch easily water pipe
distribution according to deterioration.
This system is able to search automatically valves which should be
closed and buildings which have possibility of suspension of water
supply in water pipe accident. And it outputs locations and attribute
data of related organizations. These make it possible to take rapid
emergency treatment.
As this system offers data of the status of underground utilities,
it prevents from accident occurring under every construction works.
Also by inspecting construction status, safety of water pipe under
works would be assured.
This system is able to output graphic and attribute data of water
line characteristics at the same time. Therefore, it can manage water
lines more quickly and effectively.
REFERENCES
- Environmental System Research Institute, 1994, Understanding
GIS.
- Fung, T., Lai, P. C., Lin, H., and Yeh, A. G., 1996, GIS in
ASIA, pp 139-149, GIS Asia Pacific.
- Hanjin Information System & Telecommunication Co., 1995, A
Report on the Database Design of the Road Information Management
System Construction by Aerial Photogrammetry, pp. (2-18)-(2-222),
City of ChangWon.
- Jang, Young-Hee, Kim, Eun-Hyung, 1993, Comprehensive GIS
Implementation Plane for The City of Seoul, pp. 15-20, Seoul
Development Institute.
- Kim, Jea-Young, Shin, Dong-Bin, 1996, The Development Plan for
Underground Facility Management System in Urban Areas, Korea
Research Institute for Human Settlements.
- Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO), 1995, A Development
of Intention Determining System for Water Line Improvement. pp.
17-21, 480-488.
- The City of Chon-an, 2000, 2000 GIS Workshop, An Example of
Water Line Network Improvement Using GIS, pp. 94-99, Cadland Co.
CONTACT
Assoc. Prof. Byoung-Gil, Choi
Dept. of Civil & Environmental System Engineering
University of Inchon
177 Dowha Dong
Nam Gu
Inchon
KOREA
Tel. + 82 32 770 8465
Fax + 82 32 761 9955
Email: bgchoi@lion.inchon.ac.kr
Assoc. Prof. Gye-Woon, Choi
Dept. of Civil & Environmental System Engineering
University of Inchon
177 Dowha Dong
Nam Gu
Inchon
KOREA
Tel. + 82 32 770 8467
Fax + 82 32 762 7683
Email: gyewoon@lion.inchon.ac.kr
15 April 2001
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