A HISTORICAL STUDY ON THE PARCEL NUMBER AND
NUMBERING SYSTEM IN KOREA
Prof. Uknam KIM, Korea
Key words: land registration, parcel number,
numbering system, Land Information System, cadastral history, reform
reestablishment.
Abstract
Among legal unit of land registration, the minimum unit of land is
one parcel. We give the parcel number according to numbering system to
confirm the specification of the parcel. In Korea, this parcel number
is used for daily life such as the sign of fixed place (address) and
the property, of the place of register, of identification card and of
legal action.
It also plays the important role as a key item connecting the layer
of other information system in organizing Land Information System. It
is also valued as the sources looking for the process of developing of
the country.
This study will devote to cadastral history, reform and
reestablishment of the country.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose
The land information system(LIS) which records and manages the
land-related informations has been developed for the effective use and
management of the land.
By connecting each parcel on the surface of the earth in the modern
city, better service for all kinds of infrastructure utilities (water
supply, drainage, electricity, gas, communications, roads) should be
quickly offered to the final users.
As the efficient conduct of the works above is considered as an
important official duty in the urban administration, the officials
should make the most of LIS for the information exchange among the
relevant sections, for the systematic conduct with better performance,
for the integrated data management which is based on the digital and
time-serial process.
Having the technology of urban information system, LIS holds
cadastral information, resident information, building information,
road information, etc. These informations are connected with a parcel
which is the minimum unit of the land. Each parcel is specified by its
own number so named "parcel number".
Parcel number with a sub number, in case of the occurrence of
boundary trouble, has a role to choose the basic point for the survey
on the map by distinguishing between the history of the divided land
and the line on the cadastral records.
Parcel number is the minimum unit by the work of land
administration. If parcel number is logically managed, it plays a
important role to relate text with graphic data, such as a primary key
in database.
This paper describes the form of the parcel number and the
numbering system in Korea with the change of the times and offers the
sources to establish the best possible model of the numbering system.
1.2. Study scope and method
The Korea government has already completed the pilot project of
cadastral re-survey and is now in preparation for legislative bill
which includes the registering of buildings and underground facilities
with parcel based in the six metropolitan cities from 2010 through the
new system of parcel number.
For offering the sources to national policy of land management,
this study analyzes the change of the parcel number and its granting
system in Korea and set the scope as follows.
Chapter presents the purpose, scope and the method of
the study as an introduction, chapter describes the parcel
number and its granting system, chapter analyzes the
change of the parcel number form and the system. Chapter
presents the sources for the model selection of the best possible
parcel number and its system in Korea according to the result of the
analysis.
2. GENERAL VIEW ON THE PARCEL NUMBER AND ITS SYSTEM
2.1. Definition of the parcel number
The parcel number is a particular number alloted to a unit area to
guarantee the particularity of the land and is a number given to each
parcel as a registration unit.
Every trade of the land is guaranteed only after the allowance of
the parcel number. The most important reason to grant the parcel
number is to distinguish the land and then to guess the location.
The concept of an address used in everyday life is called as a lot
number, but the parcel number has a role as a standard for
communications, visitations and administration with the meaning of the
particular location of the land. Therefore, the parcel number of the
land has to be granted orderly and systematically for more convenient
use.
2.2. Constituent element and type of the parcel number
The parcel number is consisted of an original which is the
particular number given to a unit area without a sub number such as 1,
2, 3, … and a sub number which is a new title defined at the
cadastral law with the enforcement of May 7, 1976 earlier called as
branch number or attached number. The sub number is written as -1, -2,
-3, … and read as "dash one", "dash two",
"dash three", etc. So, the parcel number is consisted of an
original number only or at other times an original number with a sub
number but it is not possible to make a parcel number with a sub
number only. The parcel number with an original number only is called
as "single parcel number", and the parcel number with an
original number and a sub number is called as "double parcel
number".
The single parcel number is suitable for the large land and has
been used both in the land survey and the forest survey in Korea. Also
it is often used in the country which tries to establish a new
cadastral system. The double parcel number is used for the parcels of
new registered land and the divided land, and highly beneficial for
the complex unit law.
2.3. Standard of the parcel numbering
(1) Principle of parcel numbering
The parcel number as a unit of parcel number area is established on
the principle of the northwest numbering rule orderly starting from
number 1 by the direction of northwest to southwest. (Enforcement
ordinance of Cadastral Law, Article 3 clause 1)
(2) Numbering due to an initial registration and so on
It is established by attachment of a sub number such as -1, -2, -3,
etc. to the nearest original number of a registered land in the
relevant parcel number area in the case of initial registration,
registration conversion, parcel number change, administration area
change, etc., or an original number will be orderly established from
the next to the last parcel number of the relevant parcel number area
in the case of a remote land, the last parcel number in the relevant
parcel number area, several parcels and vast area. (Enforcement
ordinance Cadastral Law, Article 3-2, -6, Enforcement regulation of
cadastral Law Article 4-2)
(3) Numbering due to partition
1) The one parcel divided of a parcels is numbered by the same
parcel number as before partition and the other parcels are numbered
by attaching the sub number to an original number which is the parcel
number before partition as like (figure 1).
 |
| (first partition) |
(second partition) |
(third
partition) |
(fourth partition) |
Figure 1. Numbering system after partition
2) If the land owner applies by designating a certain parcel after
partition as the particular number, the parcel which the owner wants
can be numbered as (figure 2) after examining the reason. (Enforcement
ordinance of Cadastral Law, Article 3-3)
Figure 2. particular numbering system after
partition
The parcel number after partition should be granted like
in figure 2, but it can be given like in (figure 2)
when the owner wants to grant the parcel number to the land of
residential building after partition according to the address number
10.
(4) Numbering due to affiliation
The front parcel number among the parcel numbers before affiliation
can be granted like <table 1> or the prior parcel number which
is an original number among the parcel numbers before affiliation is
granted like <table 2>. When the land owner applies by
designating the particular parcel number among the parcel numbers
before affiliation, the parcel number which the owner wants can be
numbered like (figure 3) after examining the reason. (Enforcement
ordinance of Cadastral Law, Article 3-4)
Table 1. prior numbering system after affiliation
The parcel number after affiliation should be granted as address
number 1, but the same address number (the parcel number in which the
building was constructed) can be granted when the land owner wants.
Figure 3. particular numbering system after
affiliation
Table 2. prior numbering system as an original
number after affiliation
(5) Parcel numbering according to the land readjustment and so
on
- The original number will be established from the previous parcel
numbers assigned to the project enforcement area, which is
consisted of an original number only or an original number with a
sub number.
- In case the previous parcel number assigned is less than a new
parcel number, an original number with a sub number will be
established or an original number will be granted to each block
unit and each parcel will be granted the original number with a
sub number.
- In case of the project to prepare a housing site, the same
original number will be granted according to the progress
direction of the main roads and each parcel will be numbered by
the original number with a sub number. (Enforcement ordinance of
Cadastral Law, Article 3-5)
- In case the previous original number is stretched over the
border of the project enforcement area, the original number will
not be used. (Enforcement ordinance of Cadastral Law, Article 4-4)
2.4. Method of parcel numbering
(1) Classification according to the progress direction
1) Meandering method
This method is granted to the area which is the parcel arrangement
is not regular and the original number is continued in order according
to the progress direction. It is suitable to establish the parcel
number in the rural area.
2) Odd and even numbering method
The odd number will be granted to one side of the road and even
number to the other side. It is also called the reciprocal method and
is suitable for granting the parcel number in the urban area.
Figure 4. meandering method
Figure 5. odd and even numbering method
3) Block method
One original number will be granted to each block and one sub
number to each parcel in the block. It is suitable for granting the
parcel number in the land readjustment area, the cultivated area and
so on.
Figure 6. block method
(2) Classification according to the unit established
1) Area unit method
This method is to grant the parcel number in order for the whole
area of one parcel number. It is suitable for the small area of one
parcel number or the area which does not have many sheets of the
cadastral or forest map.
2) Map unit method
One area is subdivided into cadastral map unit or the forest map.
The parcel number will be granted in order according to the order of
map. It is suitable for the large area or the area which has many
sheets of the cadastral or forest map.
Figure 7. area unit method
Figure 8. map unit method
3) Block unit method
The parcel number is granted orderly to the whole area of one
parcel number. It is suitable for the small area or the area which
does not have many sheets of the cadastral or forest map.
(3) Classification according to the numbering location
1) Northeast numbering method
This method is numbering from northeast to southwest in order and
is suitable to establish the parcel number in Chinese characters.
2) northwest numbering method
This method is numbering from northwest to southeast in order and
is suitable to establish the parcel number in Arabic numerals.
2.5. Characteristics and roles of the parcel number
(1) Characteristics of the parcel number
The land indication should have the characteristics such as
accuracy, simplicity, uniqueness, flexibility, economy and
accessibility.
The land has the characters such as immovability of location,
individuality and so on, and is subdivided into each parcel. The
different number is given orderly to each parcel subdivided in each
parcel number area and thus it has accuracy and uniqueness. Each
parcel in the same parcel number area is given different numbers and
thus it has accessibility to distinguish one parcel from the other.
Each parcel is specified by the number assigned. Thus each parcel in
each parcel number area is guaranteed to have specification by its
parcel number and so the parcel number has the uniqueness.
In addition, because the parcel number may have the same number of
the parcel number as the number of parcel number area without
indication of the parcel number area, it is difficult to guarantee the
uniqueness of each parcel by the parcel number without indication of
the parcel number area. It also has simplicity and economy to divide
and combine the parcel number area. Especially, in case of
computerization of land registration, this discerning factor is called
integration key.
(2) Roles of the parcel number
The location and the border of every land in Korea has been
established by cadastral survey. The location of land is discerned by
relative location in everyday life rather than absolute location
concept by coordinate.
The relationship between human and location has many connections in
law. The parcel number indicates the location of permanent domicile,
resident registration domicile, present domicile, property location,
place of an act, address, residence, office, place of business, etc.
If there were not the parcel number, we would have a lot of troubles
and problems in social and legal activities.
Thus the location of every land should be indicated clearly, and
the form of the parcel number and numbering system should be
established in proper way.
Figure 9. The concept of parcel identification
number use for establishing the urban information system (The
association of Japan Surveying Technology, 1989)
Land (forest) register, real estate register and land record
computerization are also enforced according to each parcel number. The
parcel number plays a role as common item or key item of each layer
related to land in the use of computerized information for land
information construction and multipurpose cadastral system. (Figure 9)
is to analyze the possibility of materials and information exchange
using the parcel number between U.I.S (urban information system) and
other institutes. It is reasonable to record and indicate the items on
land according to each parcel number. Thus the parcel number plays an
important role to plan and enforce the land project.
3. CHANGE OF PARCEL NUMBER AND NUMBERING SYSTEM IN KOREA
In each period such as before land survey (1910), from land survey
to 1960's, 1970's, after 1986, the form of parcel number and numbering
system is classified and studied focusing on comparative analysis of
standard to establish parcel number, parcel number composition, sub
number area, sub number direction, land alternation.
3.1. Parcel number and numbering system before land survey (1910)
We can reach conclusion that there was no parcel number system
because of no records on parcel number from ancient times to the
middle of Koryo. By enforcement of Kwajeon Law at the end of Koryo,
land register and parcel number (Ja ho) system had been started to
establish to grasp the concrete condition of land.
Parcel number system was adopted at the period of King
Gongyang(1345~1394) and by this, numbering system defined 'Jung' as
land establishing area to classify every land within Jung up to one
thousand Jung from Chonjajung, Jijajung to Yajajung in order of the
Thousand-Character Text. Jung was divided into 20kyol, 15kyol, 10kyol,
etc. according to military service condition, and land register was
made by Jung unit and land owner's name was written after putting
character & number to Jung. Later the form of land register by
Kwajeon Law became the turning point from the early or middle period's
person centered arrangement to the material centered arrangement
according to each parcel number (Ja ho) by Jung unit.
In Chosun period, character-number was granted to each parcel in
order of the Thousand-Character Text according to the order of
Yangjeon to indicate the condition of land.
Character-number was consisted of characters and numbers, and one
character of the Thousand-Character Text was granted to per 5kyol
regardless of Paekyungjeon, Kikyungjeon. It was the so-called 1
character 5kyol system. It was started to discuss from 24-year of King
Injo(1569) and later it was enforced in full scale for the project of
Haeseoyangjeon at 35-year of King Sukjong(1696).
The land was classified according to each owner by numbering No.1,
No.2, No.3, etc. within one character of The Thousand-Character Text.
Its character meant the area of land and was same with the area
establishing parcel number, and its number was same with the present
parcel number. In case land improved after character-number had been
already granted by the enforcement of Yangjeon, the previous
character-number in Yangankijae was used without change for its
character-number. When there was a new land after Yangjeon branch
number was attached to character-number of its adjacent land and so
this means there was sub number system to establish parcel number in
Chosun. At the end of Chosun, however, when Yangjeon official improved
land, he could change the previous character-number. In this case, the
reason to change character-number, that is, words such as old Chonja
new Jija, etc. should be written in the column related to land in
Yangan. Especially, in case the character distorted by deliberate
change, land of new Joho could be checked by old character-number by
comparison old with new Yangan.
For example, <table 5>is cited from No.14711 of old document
Yangan in Kyujangkag.
Table 5. Kyungsang-do Namhae-hyun Kyungja Yangan
improved (Sukjong 46 year-1720)
Table 5>is a part of Jeonan which was Kyungsangdo Namhaehyun
Kyungja improvement. It uses Kamja meaning the character-number of the
Thousand-Character Text, No.3, No.4, No.5, etc. for parcel number,
Seobum and Dongbum for the direction of Yangjon, Samdeng and Sadeng
for the grade of land, Jik for the form of land and dap for land
category.
Table 6. Kyungki-do Kwachon-kun Haseo-myun Yangan (Kwangmu
4 year-1900)
Table 6 is Yangan of Kyungkido Kwachonkun Haseomyun, and here Danja
is character-number of the Thousand-Character Text and No.18 is parcel
number.
In addition, land border in the four quarters was indicated by
drawing four marks. 90 and 40 in the rectangle means that the length
of land between south and north is 90 chuk and the width of land
between east and west is 40 chuk. Yangjiomun was abolished on
September 9, Kwangmu 1 year (1901) and Jikyeomun was established. In `Daehanjekuk
Jeondapkwanke', the character was used to indicate the parcel number.
There was the land report of group survey in each Dong and Ri and
each parcel carried by investigation on land ownership of Chosun land
survey as its major project. Character number in this report and
Kyolsuyonmyungbu refer to parcel number and this character number is
found in Wondojupsokillamdo numbering to each parcel in the survey.
The first cadastral map was made in March, 1911 and thus the parcel
number was recorded in the cadastral map for the first time. There is
a record that people paid fees according to the parcel number when the
first cadastral map was published in 1918. Also we can find the parcel
number in forest survey document by Chosun Forest Survey in 1924.
3.2. The parcel number and its numbering system from the land
survey to the present
The various forms of parcel number and its numbering system from
the land survey in 1910 to the present are as follows in (table 7).
Table. 7. Historical form of parcel number and
numbering system
4. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the various types of parcel number and numbering
system in Korea are summarized as follows.
- The parcel number system with each Dong unit is proved as a
unique type suitable to Korean environment which is consisted of
70% mountain area.
- The parcel number and numbering system has changed according to
the government policy and social environment. The problem is that
unreasonable parcel number area could happen due to the taxation
of local government and the change of administrative district.
- The double parcel number method is a general rule, and short and
long term of parcel number map should be made according to the
increase of land use and the second sub-number should be
considered. Only under this condition, the confusion of parcel
number which possibly happens in the special city and metropolitan
cities can be prevented in advance.
- Analyzing historical change of the parcel number of Dong, we can
know the process of developing of Dong.
- It is desirable to revise the system of parcel number and
numbering at minimum by the new project of parcel number only in
complicated area. The place unit should be selected and maintained
according to the emotion of Korean because the parcel number is
used as an address in practice.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Joongang Newspaper, 1996. National Cadastral Survey, 1996. 9.
11.
- Kang Tae-Suk, Choi Yong-Kyu, Park Soon-Pyo, 1993. <General
Study on Cadastral Survey>, Hyungseol Publishing Co., pp.
207-208, pp. 96-97.
- Seoul City, 1993. <Cadastral Changes>, pp.259-260, p. 183.
- Kim Uk-Nam, 1993. "Case Study of Parcel Number System and
its Problems in New Cities", <Korean Cadastral
Society>, Book 1, No. 1.
- Kim Uk-Nam, Kwon Kyu-Tae, 1996. <Comparative Study on the
parcel number and numbering system in established cities and new
cities - focus on Sungnam City> Korean Cadastral Society 20th
Anniversary Seminar, pp. 3-5, pp. 10-12.
- Lee Kyu-Suk, Hwang Kuk-Young, "A Study on effective use of
the parcel number in constructing land information system in
Korea", Korean GIS Society 2 (1), pp. 85-92.
- Won Young-Hee, 1979. <Principles of Cadastral Survey>,
Hongik Publishing Co., p.109.
- Won Young-Hee, 1980. <Korean History of Cadastral Survey>,
pp. 475-476.
- Kim Kap-Su, 1982. <General Study on Cadastral
Administration>, Shilla Publishing Co., p. 50, pp. 58-59.
- Yu Bok-Mo, 1994. <Topographical Information Study>,
Dongmyung Publishing Co., p. 8, p. 519.
- Korean Cadastral Society, 1996. <Collection of Cadastral Laws
and Regulations>, Yangji-Sa.
- Ministry of Home Affairs, 1987-1994. <Cadastral
Statistics>.
- <Sokdaejeon>, Hojeon, Yangjeonjo.
- Kyujangkag Yangan, No. 147111.
- Kyujangkag Old Document, No. 4258, pp. 5-10.
- Dongah University Classic Research, 1982. <Translation and
Annotation on Koryo History>, p. 342.
- Henssen, 'Publicity and Speciality', p.1.
- Henssen, 'The Significance and the Requirements of Land
Registration and a Cadastre'.
- Moyer, D.D., Fisher, K.J., 1973. 'Land Parcel Indentitiers for
Information System',American Bar Foundation, Chicago, pp. 51-64.
- National Research Council, 1983. 'Need for a Multipurpose
Cadastre' (National Academy Press), pp. 13-19.
- Yang, In Tae & Kim, Uk-Nam, 1993. 'On the Application of
Land Information System for the Land Management' IGARSS, p. 109.
CONTACT
Professor Uknam Kim
Dept. of Cadastral Registration
Shingu College
2685 Kumgwang Dong
Sungnam
Kyunggi
KOREA
Tel. + 82 31 740 1515
Fax + 82 31 740 1305
E-mail: Kun@ns.shingu-c.ac.kr
15 April 2001
This page is maintained by the
FIG Office. Last revised on 05-11-25.
|
